The Lost Generation in The Sun Also Rises Essay Example

The Lost Generation in The Sun Also Rises Paper As World War I ripped through many European countries in the early twentieth century, the population suffered not only physically, but mentally. In addition to the many lives lost in this war, the youth of the world was greatly affected by this relatively new idea of death. Consequently, the Great War caused a lapse in values and standards in the generation who suffered through it, permanently damaging the remainder of their lives. Earnest Hemingway takes a glimpse into the lives of the people of this so-called lost generation in his novel The Sun Also Rises. Set in this post World War I age, The Sun Also Rises shows the physical and emotional wounds, the religious abandonment, and the way in which members of the lost generation escape from their lives that were greatly affected by the first World War. Every character in The Sun Also Rises has been affected by World War I in some way. Some wounds show outwardly, while others are internalized, producing an even greater emotional and often psychological trauma on the character. The narrator of this novel, Jake Barnes, is a character whose physical wounds from the Great War cause him both emotional and psychological grief. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Generation in The Sun Also Rises specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Generation in The Sun Also Rises specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Generation in The Sun Also Rises specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While fighting in the War, Jake suffers an injury that leaves him impotent, but still desiring sexual activity. This wound causes him not only pain, but a great deal of confusion in regard to his relationship with Lady Brett Ashley: both partners know they love each other, but Jakes inability to sexually fulfill Lady Brett Ashley causes her to reject him. In his book on Hemingway, critic Earl Rovit asserts that [Jakes] wound still throbs and gives him pain (157). He cannot escape from his war injury and it continues to haunt him everyday he lives. Using his situation with Brett as a basis for all future relationships, Jake decides that he cannot please anyone and he must instead be content with wandering aimlessly through life without a true love. The severity of the emotional side of Jakes wound is in this belief that he cannot hope to find a mate. His interaction with a French prostitute shows the hopeless feeling that Jake receives from his War injury and how it has changed his life forever. When the prostitute simply lays her hand on Jakes, he pushes her away and tells her that he is sick. This emphasizes Jakes truly hopeless notion that he can never have any type of a physical relationship with a woman due to his wound. The French prostitutes response to Jakes revelation that he is sick emphasizes even more the hopelessness of the entire generation of the post-World War I era. Everybodys sick. Im sick too, replies the prostitute (Hemingway 21). Although she does not specify exactly how she herself is sick, the prostitute believes that the Great War has caused everyone a certain degree of sickness and suffering. Michael Friedberg states that the prostitutes statement is no doubt also a reference to the state of the world itself (176). The state of the world, including the other characters in The Sun Also Rises, is as lost and hopeless as Jake, predominantly because of the War. The truth of the prostitutes statement comes in the form of other characters in The Sun Also Rises including Lady Brett Ashley and Count Mippipopolous. Critic E. M. Halliday speculates that Jake Barnes war-wound impotence[is] a kind of metaphor for the whole atmosphere of sterility and frustration which is the ambiance of The Sun Also Rises (303). The other characters of this novel experience grief, frustration, and pain from the situations the War has dealt them, just as Jake does. The Count is a character who has been physically wounded by the Great War and war in general. The scars of arrow wounds pierce the Counts torso from a battle in Abyssinia when he was a young man. His involvement in seven wars and four revolutions (Hemingway 61) including World War I gives him the aged disposition of a person who has been through very hard times. Brett Ashley is an additional example of a character whose war-time experiences greatly affect her life. During the Great War, Lady Ashley orked as a nurse and was heart-broken when her true love was killed in battle. She consequently had a series of bad relationships in which she was physically and verbally abused and emerged with only her title, Lady Ashley. She recognizes her love for Jake as fruitless and is instead content with wandering aimlessly from one man to another. The effects of the War on Brett are seen in her loose, discorded relationships [that] reflect the shattered unity ( ) of the modern world (Martin 69). Lady Ashleys post-war position in The Sun Also Rises symbolizes the death of aristocracy that was suffered through the war. According to Richard Lehans essay on Hemingway, the post-War Lady Ashley represents the purposelessness and moral abandonment of the [aristocracy] (197). Her values and lifestyle were both destroyed when the Great War ended, and in essence, so was Lady Ashley. The Great War causes the characters of The Sun Also Rises not only physical and emotional suffering, but moral and religious abandonment as well. Although none of the main characters in this book professes true devotion to their religion, it is the contrast among characters that illustrates the morally lost state of the generation. Essayist John Pratt points out that, [E]ach major character represents one religious attitude (151). Hemingways novel contains a semi-pious Catholic, a detested Jew, and a pagan who combine to portray the religious abandonment that World War I essentially created. Jake Barnes is the semi-pious Catholic. Although Jake is deemed one of the more religious characters in the novel, his attitude towards religion and the Catholic faith in general show that the War affects him in this way too. Once again it is his relationship with Brett that causes his religious hopelessness. Jake admits that when he first met Brett, he sought advice from the Catholic Church on how to handle their relationship while dealing with his injury. He knew that he and Brett would not be able to have children because of this injury that left him impotent, but Jake went to get advice from a religion that sees marriage as first a procreative and then a unitive sacrament. The Catholic Church had an awfully good way of handling that. Not to think about it (Hemingway 35). Therefore, Jake is bitter toward what he thinks to be the Churchs unacceptable attitude toward his wound (Pratt 153). This very advice causes him much pain in his relationship with Brett that came as a result of the War. Lady Brett Ashley is the pagan. It is clear from the very beginning of The Sun Also Rises that Brett lacks certain beliefs and values that other people normally possess. During her stay in Pamplona, Spain, however, Brett makes it clear that she also lacks morals and any kind of religious beliefs. During the Pamplona fiesta, Brett tells Jake that she wishes to hear him confess. Jake, however, tells her that if she listens to him confess, it will be in a language she does not know. The obvious reason for this is that Jake will confess in Latin or Spanish, but it is also possible that it means she will not understand the language of the Christian religion (Baker 89). After Brett meets Pedro Romero, the absence of God in her life can be seen again. Brett asks Jake to take her to a cathedral so she can pray for her new beau, but she soon becomes uncomfortable. After trying to pray for only a couple of seconds, Brett leaves the cathedral. Im damned bad for a religious atmosphere, Ive got the wrong type of face (Hemingway 188). Brett, therefore, knows that she has rejected God and she accepts this. She re-emphasizes her pagan state at the end of the novel when she commends herself for deciding to end her relationship with Romero in an effort to save him. Brett tells Jake that her decision makes her feel good and that her goodness is what she has instead of God. Jake tells her that many people have God to which Brett replies, He never worked very well with me (Hemingway 221). Lady Brett Ashley, then, is most likely a pagan due to her War-time experiences, but she believes that her being so has worked to her advantage. Robert Cohn represents the detested Jew in a more symbolic sense than the rest of the characters in The Sun Also Rises. During the course of the novel, not much is said about Roberts religious preferences, but it is in fact his religion that makes him the scapegoat for the anger of his so-called friends. Jake states that Robert is a Jew within the first few pages of the novel. Jake also states that until Robert went to college, no one made him feel that he was a Jew and therefore different from anyone else. The significance of this statement lies in the fact that Jake, and other members of their circle of friends, do see Robert as different just because of his religion. While Brett is never referred to as the pagan, Robert is often called the Jew, with a variety of derogatory terms attached to it. The first fault that Jake and his friends find with Robert is that he did not fight in the War. They attribute this to the fact that Robert is Jewish so right from the beginning, the Great War causes problems in Robert Cohns life. Throughout the remainder of the novel, Robert suffers a variety of insults pertaining to his religion. When he becomes upset in Burguete because Brett has not yet arrived, Bill and Jake attribute this to his Jewish superiority. Well, let him not get superior and Jewish, remarks Bill at one point (Hemingway 92). During the fiesta in Pamplona, Mike Campbell calls Robert a steer. By using this term, Mike is saying that Robert is inferior to the rest of the bulls (he, Jack, and Bill) because steers lack not only testicles, but also the ability to inspire passion (Quieto sec. 1). In this statement, Mike emphasizes his dislike of Cohn simply because of his religion. Mike sees that Cohn can become Jewish and superior at times so he feels that he must make him feel inferior in all other ways. Although Robert never discusses his religion anywhere in the novel, he is detested by the majority of the characters for the simple fact that he is a Jew. By not fighting in the War, Robert receives further criticism from his friends and this emphasizes the idea that the Great War ruined religion for many people. The War wounds suffered by the characters in The Sun Also Rises cause a variety of responses in each character. While heavy drinking seems to be one of the ways in which these characters find solace for their miseries, traveling seems also to be a popular trend. The very book itself is an example of this in that Jake Barnes narrates from Paris, completely detaching himself from the Kansas City life in which he once lived. The gaiety and entertainment associated with Paris serves as a means by which he tries to forget his unfortunate station in life caused by the Great War. In an attempt to forget his wound, Jake submerges himself in a seemingly care-free life of habitual drinking and dining as a French expatriate. Youre an expatriate. Youve lost touch with the soil Fake European standards have ruined you (Hemingway 109). One of Jakes friends makes this remark to him, proving that Jake has in fact adopted the standards of a completely different continent to leave behind the world that he holds responsible for his current situation. Jake also uses travel later on in The Sun Also Rises to escape from a variety of people and situations that remind him of his hopeless state. When his relationship with Brett becomes too much, Jake accepts Roberts invitation to join him on a fishing trip in Spain. Jake and his friend, Bill Gorton embark for this trip and immediately the tone of the book becomes lighter and happier. Aside from their frequent disagreements with Robert, Jake and Bill manage to have a good time fishing in Burguete, a small town in the Pyrenees mountains. Instead of obsessing over his relationship with Brett, Jake concerns himself only with fishing, drinking, and enjoying himself. We stayed five days at Burguete and had good fishing There was no word from Brett or Mike (Hemingway 117). It is on this trip to Burguete that Jake and Bill become good friends through their mutual desire to get away from the petty and noxious tribulations of Robert Cohn and company (Baker 84). Their camaraderie also stems from their shared need to escape from the world that the Great War has created from them and Burguete is the closest each character comes to experiencing this. Robert Cohn is another character who uses travel as a way to escape from the harsh realities of the times. The novel begins with Robert in a somewhat disastrous relationship that he was forced into by his lady. Things begin to go awry in the relationship and this, combined with Roberts new interest in the book The Purple Land cause him to yearn for a change of scenery. He suggests a trip to South America to Jake who cynically replies, You cant get away from yourself by moving from one place to another (Hemingway 18). Jake speaks from experience for his current place of habitation is a desperate attempt to get away from himself and the way he has become. Robert, however, does not take Jakes advice and after ending his relationship of four years, he sets off for San Sebastian, Spain. More than half of The Sun Also Rises is set in Pamplona, Spain where Jake, Brett, Robert, Bill Gorton, and Mike Campbell attend the summer fiesta. Although Jake attends this fiesta almost every year to watch the bullfights, this year he cannot truly escape from himself because his past haunts accompany him on the trip. Therefore, he must resort to a lifestyle of perpetual drunkenness to deal with his problems, as do many of the other characters. The world of The Sun Also Rises is a world of drunken promiscuity, shot through with streaks of pity (Wagenknecht 374). Although Jake turns to alcohol frequently on this trip, his relationship with Brett manages still to tear at his emotions. After he and Bill discuss the idea of irony and pity, Jake feels especially low as he realizes that irony and pity are the combination he used whenever he thinks about Brett (Baker 92). Their relationship is ironic in that they both love each other but can never be together, and pitiful in the same sense. The trip that is supposed to help Jake escape reality actually makes him realize his hopeless state even more. He proves his own advice to others during the course of this trip; You cant get away from yourself by moving from one place to another (Hemingway 18). Jake knows this from experience, but he also keeps reliving it every time he goes away. The characters of The Sun Also Rises never do manage to get away from themselves. The Great War, it seems, has caused permanent damage to the lives of those who suffered through it. At the end of the novel, Jake attempts to rescue Brett after she runs off with Pedro Romero. Once he arrives, Brett begins to speak nostalgically of their relationship, saying that they could have had a good life together. Yes, isnt it pretty to think so? is Jakes reply (Hemingway 222). This is true for the entire lost generation affected by the War. It is quite possible that any of the characters in The Sun Also Rises could have led normal lives, but the influence of World War I was too much. According to Rovit, World War I had been the catalytic agent in releasing the stark factor of nothingness and absurdity at the very root of traditional values (159). The Great War destroyed the traditional values of love, faith, and hope and consequently, the characters of The Sun Also Rises wander aimlessly through their resultant lives, constantly seeking ways to escape.

Free Essays on Idle Hands

Idle Hands? In Sherwood Anderson’s â€Å"Hands,† the character of Wing Biddlebaum subconsciously expresses the emotions he is feeling through the actions of his hands. He is a very sheepish and timid character. Anderson feels that â€Å"the story is a story of hands,† which play an enormous role in Wing’s life (217). Nervous and â€Å"fiddling about† swiftly, Wing’s hands also demonstrate confidence through firm and assured movements. He rarely uses these solid motions, but when he does, it is when he is with his only friend George Willard. Wing seems to become disdainful toward his hands when later they seem to always find him trouble. Throughout Wing’s life, he is faced with many problems that his hands cause him to overcome. Wing’s hands are what place him in his state of solitude. Being a school teacher, Wing touches the shoulders of the young boys and plays with their hair, yet Wing means no harm. He loses his job as a school master and almost loses his life, all because he uses his hands to comfort the young boys. He has altered his lifestyle to avoid everyday problems, concerning his hands. He does not know why he resents his hands, but he knows that his hands are to blame for his everyday predicaments. Wing lets his hands control almost every aspect of his life. In the past, Wing’s hands have caused him to lose his job and his pride. In order to regain a strong sense of self and live a normal life, Wing must overcome the past. Society shuns him and he wonders everyday what he has done to deserve this mistreatment. He tries things as futile as changing his name, yet he cannot seem to satisfy his need to be content. Wing presently lives in constant dismay, desperately trying to realize or remember what his hands did to force him to live in such misery and solitude. In this certain time, it is rare that a man holds the position of an elementary school teacher. This shows that Wing is a caring and ... Free Essays on Idle Hands Free Essays on Idle Hands Idle Hands? In Sherwood Anderson’s â€Å"Hands,† the character of Wing Biddlebaum subconsciously expresses the emotions he is feeling through the actions of his hands. He is a very sheepish and timid character. Anderson feels that â€Å"the story is a story of hands,† which play an enormous role in Wing’s life (217). Nervous and â€Å"fiddling about† swiftly, Wing’s hands also demonstrate confidence through firm and assured movements. He rarely uses these solid motions, but when he does, it is when he is with his only friend George Willard. Wing seems to become disdainful toward his hands when later they seem to always find him trouble. Throughout Wing’s life, he is faced with many problems that his hands cause him to overcome. Wing’s hands are what place him in his state of solitude. Being a school teacher, Wing touches the shoulders of the young boys and plays with their hair, yet Wing means no harm. He loses his job as a school master and almost loses his life, all because he uses his hands to comfort the young boys. He has altered his lifestyle to avoid everyday problems, concerning his hands. He does not know why he resents his hands, but he knows that his hands are to blame for his everyday predicaments. Wing lets his hands control almost every aspect of his life. In the past, Wing’s hands have caused him to lose his job and his pride. In order to regain a strong sense of self and live a normal life, Wing must overcome the past. Society shuns him and he wonders everyday what he has done to deserve this mistreatment. He tries things as futile as changing his name, yet he cannot seem to satisfy his need to be content. Wing presently lives in constant dismay, desperately trying to realize or remember what his hands did to force him to live in such misery and solitude. In this certain time, it is rare that a man holds the position of an elementary school teacher. This shows that Wing is a caring and ...

How to Treat Gummosis, or Bleeding in Tree Bark

How to Treat Gummosis, or Bleeding in Tree Bark Bleeding bark on  trees and other woody plants  often leads to concern when its discovered by tree growers and yard tree owners. Gum or sap draining from a tree trunk or limbs is common in trees in the genus Prunus, which includes peaches and cherries, but it can happen in many species. This sap flow can be caused by biotic diseases, which are triggered by living organisms such as fungi, and abiotic injury, caused by non-living factors such as sunlight and temperature change. One textbook definition gummosis is the copious production and exudation of gum by a diseased or damaged tree, especially as a symptom of a disease of fruit trees. But it also can be an early symptom of other problems, not only in orchards but in prized landscape trees in yards, parks, and forests.   Gummosis can weaken a tree, but it isnt the end of the world. Bleeding or oozing of sap from a tree, although not normal, wont necessarily permanently harm a tree or woody plant; most of them will survive. Its also important to remember that there are many causes for free-running sap from trees, including insect borers, cankers, bark injury, and a variety of diseases. Controlling these sources of damage will control gum deposits and sap flow, but there usually is no cure. Causes Gum exuding from cherry, peach, and sweetgum trees is common, so keep an eye on these species. Gummosis isnt a pathogen in itself but the response to environmental stress from pathogenic, insect, or mechanical injury. Pathogenic infectious diseases and cankers that result in bleeding sap can become problematic in fruit orchards. Particularly, the  cytospora canker, or perennial canker, commonly causes fungal bleeding in stone fruited trees such as apricot, cherry, peach, and plum. This infection can be distinguished from insect damage and mechanical injuries because sawdust or pieces of bark arent mixed in the sap, as would be the case with insect or mechanical damage. It isnt vital for you to identify the specific cause or causes involved, but its very important to differentiate between insect infestation, mechanical injury, and infectious disease for diagnosis. Prevention and Treatment There are management practices you can follow to lower the risk of gummosis: Be careful when using lawn and garden equipment to avoid tree tissue injury, which can harbor fungal spores.Prevent winter cold injury to your tree by planting cold-hardy species within their hardiness zones and outside isolated wind  avenues.Maintain a trees health to discourage boring insects.Prune and dispose of limbs during late winter.Try to identify whether the tree has been injured mechanically, been attacked by insects, or infected by a disease. Typically, mechanical injury and insects will leave exposed sapwood or sawdust. Treat the  causes as best you can while increasing the most comfortable tree conditions for optimal health. Increasing tree vigor is important and will yield great results. One helpful treatment is applying several pints of garden lime under the tree drip line if your site has a low to moderate PH. Raising soil Ph to 6.5 can do wonders for tree health.

Max Weber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Max Weber - Essay Example (Kilcullen, 1996) This important belief is said to have made the Calvinists quite anxious about their Salvation, and this led to the fact that they attempted to console themselves and get rid of their anxiety by making concerted attempts to succeed in all their economic and other undertakings. The widespread belief may have been that God would quite naturally demonstrate his favor by bestowing prosperity and wealth on the various enterprises and undertakings of the elect. In addition, no Calvinist believed in self indulgence, and this meant that all the finances generated and raised by their present undertakings would perforce be put back into future undertakings, or 'callings' as they were referred to, both by the employer as well as by the employee. The small reward that they expected was a mere earthly one, but this was sufficient for the Calvinist. (Kilcullen, 1996) It was also Max Weber's opinion that Protestant doctrines believed in the fact that men must accept a humbler sort of station in their lives, and that they must devote their energies into performing mundane tasks and duties. Weber also believed that since there was no hierarchical Church structure present, it meant that there would be no episodes of upward mobility and a need for acquisition. however, it was because of the 'work and save' ethic that was being followed by these people that the phenomenon of 'Capitalism' was brought into the picture, and since there is absolutely no doubt that a dedication and a devotion and a deep commitment towards one's work would inevitably bring forth the desired productivity, especially on the part of the Calvinists, who believed in the dedication to one's own 'beruf', or duty, or calling. (Max Weber, 1864 to 1920) It is widely acknowledged everywhere that Max Weber had an ingrained concept of 'rationality and rationalism' in all his works, and according to Rogers Brubaker, it was veritably a 'great unifying theme' in his work, even though it has been stated by some others that the concept was at times 'evasive'. It was Weber's opinion that the very history of 'rationalism' has revealed that it does not follow any type of parallel lines in life in general, and also that the very idea of rationality is both multi directional and multi dimensional. Rationality was, for Weber, the manifestation of individual freedoms, and also another meaning for conceptual lucidity, among various other meanings. (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) According to Max Weber, sociology as such meant that it was nothing but a 'comprehensive science of social action', and it must be also noted that most of Max Weber's ideals stem from the idea that human beings attach a great many subjective meanings to all their manifold actions and interactions within any specific social context. Therefore, in this context, rationality means that most human beings restlessly strive for a goal, which in itself may not be rational, but for which most people strive through rational means. As most people have diverse numbers of motivational factors, it would mean that most human behavior as such is caused by a mixture of all these motivations. This was in

Cultural Beliefs and Stigma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Beliefs and Stigma - Essay Example Investigation of the impact of cultural beliefs and stigma on the treatment journey of infectious patients needs include the burden from the stigma of various health problems and cultural beliefs. In the course of examination of the stigma and its effects on the patient comparisons must be made. These comparisons include the magnitude and character of stigma for different conditions and in different social and cultural settings; identifying distinctive features of stigma that may guide intervention programs; and evaluating changes in the magnitude and character of stigma over time and in response to interventions and social changes. (leininger M (1991) Such research benefits by examining stigma from various vantage points, considering the experience of stigma among persons with a designated health problem, laypersons in the community, and health care providers or other designated subgroups of the community (eg, teachers and policymakers) that have a substantial impact on health. Research on stigma should also consider questions of social policy as they relate to human rights, access to health care, and social services for particular groups. Our review of health research issues and studies considers the role of stigma in specific mental health problems and tropical diseases, mainly in low- and middle-income countries. We also discuss the limitations of this research and the need for complementary quantitative, qualitative, problem-specific, and culture-specific approaches to study of stigma. (Weiss 2001-p 5) The reason hat health research is concerned with stigma is that stigma is an important consideration for health policy and clinical practice for several reasons. It contributes to the suffering from illness in various ways, and it may delay appropriate help-seeking or terminate treatment for treatable health problems. For diseases and disorders that are highly stigmatized, the impact of the meaning of the disease may be as great or a greater source of suffering than symptoms of a disease. An early presentations of paucibacillary leprosy as a painless depigmented or anaesthetic patch is an example. Hearing the diagnosis is more troubling than symptoms of the disease. Social science studies of stigma regard it fundamentally as a problem arising from social interactions. Goffman and other researchers have also recognized self-perceived stigma, which may also be troubling and responsible for diminished self-esteem whether or not it arises from an actual interaction, and whether or not t his perceived stigma accurately reflects the critical views of others. Stigma impairs the quality of life through concerns about disclosure, and it affects work, education, marriage, and family life. Although its impact is likely to be overlooked in the calculation of Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), stigma contributes to what WHO's Nations for Mental health Program calls the hidden burden of mental illness. In addition to the suffering it brings, research also shows that stigma and labeling may affect the

Strategies for Entrepreneurship and Change Management

Strategies for Entrepreneurship and Change Management Raama Gabionza Entrepreneurship takes an important role in innovation. It is an agent of change. It involves creating new products, services, technologies, and businesses. It is about economic development and generating wealth for investors. It is also about developing business to address social problems and environmental issues. In the world of health, entrepreneurship also play a vital role. It corresponds with the revolution and changes in the state of health of the population and of the society. Like for an example, our world today suffers from distinct inevitable crisis like epidemiologic incidences and other uncommon situations affecting health of the economy. It is a threat to the population that could shake the health of every individual thus will lead to high rates in morbidity and mortality. Early detection and treatment of these illnesses or diseases are vital ways to decrease its incidences as well as morbidity and mortality rates. Invention and creation of medical treatment and therapi es as well as immunizations could lessen the possibility of acquiring the ailment. These interventions are brought by entrepreneurship which is an agent of change to both private and public health sectors. It provides interventions that are more developed, new, updated and better. It also provides more effective and efficient procedures, surgeries, and any other ways of treating specific threats to health. Entrepreneurship is essential in any situation as it could help in promoting and improving the well-being of the person and of the society as the whole. However, entrepreneurship may not always be successful as what anyone may think of it. There are major criticisms against entrepreneurship within the public and private health and social care sector. One example of this is the fear of change. People are afraid to change as it may be less effective and could lead to failure. They are afraid to loss their expertise and can’t adopt to the change. Like in surgeries, when new type of procedure is introduced, medical practitioners are afraid to change their usual practice into new procedure as it may cause danger and hazard both to the patient and the practitioners themselves. Another criticism against entrepreneurship is the quest for profits. People might think that the only reason why new services are being introduced because entrepreneurs always think about gaining profit. There could be uncertainty of services. People might doubt whether the service is really essential and necessary or not. They might feel that their ignorance are being taken for granted by the entrepreneurs presenting and introducing the new product or services. In addition, consumers may need to be aware that not all entrepreneurs are profit oriented. Entrepreneurs can be classified as either business entrepreneur or social entrepreneur. To clearly understand the difference between the two types of entrepreneurs, Abu-Saifan (2012), identified their unique characteristics. To start with, business entrepreneurs or the so called the profit oriented are characterized as the value creator. They provide value of the commodity or product and services being introduced. While social entrepreneurs or the non-profit, are social value creator. They provide what is beneficial to the society not for the benefit of their pockets. As for being a leader, they are opinion leaders. They consider the opinion of the society before they introduce the new product or services. They are also like the managers. They first look for the problems before they fix. Like for an example in the case of diabetes, they first assess the situation. They look for the cause of pr oblem and focus on repairing them before moving on to the treatment itself. They assess what could be the cause of the problem, may it be the diet of the person or their genetics or other factors. They see the problems first before they put things right. Unlike the business entrepreneur, they will just fix what is needed to be fixed. They often miss to foresee what is really the reason and cause of the problem. This is why they are characterized as the organizer. They just organize things. They are also strategic thinkers that they choose what strategy is best for them not considering the opinion of the population or of the society. They only aim for the best of their profit and interest. They focus on their goals and on what they wanted to reach. They are high achievers. They are the exact opposite of social entrepreneurs. Social entrepreneurs focus on their mission for the change beneficial to the society not for their pocket or to gain profit and interest which business entrepren eurs do. Moreover, in entrepreneurship, there are three strategies presented by Chin Benne, (1969) as general strategies effecting changes in human systems. These strategies could be helpful for the management in choosing who to employ to their organization considering changes as inevitable. This could also be helpful to the organization on how to manage and how to present or introduce changes to its people. The first strategy is the empirical or rational. In this strategy, people can be persuaded to change based on communication of information and by giving and offering them incentives. They have their reasons to comply to change being presented. Successful change is in accordance to logic and reasons that could be beneficial to organization and to the people. The change in this strategy centers on the balance of incentives and risk management. The second strategy is the normative or re-educative. This type of people are those that adhere to cultural norms and values. They normally go with the flow, conforming to what is being practiced, advertised or introduced by the management or by the organization. Redefining the present culture, norms, and values, and making commitments to new ones may initiate people to change. The strategy to encourage these people to change is to consider their culture, beliefs and their ways. People who are normative or re-educative are mostly willing to adapt to change as long as they see that their cultural values are respected and are in favor to the new system or product and services. Third is the power or coercive. In this strategy, the leader or the boss of an organization coerce people to change or to do new things. People are submissive and will do what they are told to do. This type of management is often used when there is a crisis in an organization or institution where change is a must. It could also be used when change should be done as soon as possible or as it is needed. People will usually adhere to change and will just follo w what the leader ought them to do. Furthermore, any type of management strategy may be used by the organization in handling changes. All of those strategies can be helpful in making changes successful but it may also be harmful when it is not properly addressed to the people’s need. Like for an example in the use of power or coercive strategy, it is good to be used in an emergency situations or crisis because according to Chin Benne (1969) it is assumed that people will do what they are told. Like in my own experience working as a health practitioner, there was an instance when our area was affected by typhoon. Some of us who are staying nearby the building of the institution were told by the management to do double shifts at work in order to make up the shifts of other employers who are affected by the typhoon and cannot make it to work. It was an order by the management that we, as an employers are ought to do. Considering the situation and the crisis happening, we have no other choice but to do the double s hifts. It might be shocking to us but we have to do it because it is an emergency and it was the only way that could ease the situation. Another strategy by Chin Benne (1969) is the normative or re-educative wherein people adopt to change when they see that the change conforms to their norms, values and culture. For example, in my home country, most of the people are Roman Catholic. When family planning was introduced in a catholic institution, like the use of contraceptives, not all members of team agree with the change. Roman Catholic are against with contraception. It is important for this people to consider their beliefs specially their religion and culture. In order for the change to be successful, leaders of the institution introducing contraception in the practice of health, addresses the opinions of the members of the team and people. It was agreed to make the change possible by pursuing the use of contraceptives by health education to the people but not forcing every indiv idual to do so or to comply. At least in that way, little by little, the change was made. In change management, there are four segments classified that could be present in an organization or in any group of people. These segments are the campaigners, initiators, opponents, and neutrals. These are important factors that could have direct or indirect effect in the system of change. In order to address properly these expected impact to the system of change, it would be helpful to identify the differences and similarities of these factors and at the same time, it would also help the manager or the leader on how to effectively deal with the different points of view and perspectives of every member of the team. Like for an example the introduction of the use of computer system in the health care facilities instead of the use of older method, paper documentations. People who advertise and advocate the computer system are called the campaigners. They see the new system as beneficial and that they will gain something positive from it. They are enthusiastic about change and they wi ll help to drive the change through. These people facilitate and give support to the trainings and education in order to promote change or the new system. Initiators, are those who would take the first step to change. They can be the creator or the designer. They are the prime movers and the ones who will take action to make the use of computer system possible. They are those who will make the change attainable. In order to initiate change, they educate the team about the computer system being introduced. They also facilitate, support and encourage participation and involvement of the team members to the trainings and teachings in relation to the system of change. On the other hand, some team members might disagree or oppose to the proposed system of change or the use of computer system. They are called as the opponents. They are the antagonists or the activists. They are those who are not convinced for the need of change and don’t see any justification for change. Education, negotiation and sometimes coercion are the effective way to communicate to these group of people. The fourth segment identified in change management is the neutral. Neutrals are the unbiased ones. They belong to neither side of the proposed change. They just go with the flow to change or not to change. It would be helpful communicate to these group of people by setting them what is really the vision of change, why it would be beneficial to change or not to change. They should also be involved to trainings and support groups in order for them to have a clear understanding of the change being introduced and for them to have an individualized decision as a member of the team. References: Abu-Saifan, S. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries. Technology Innovation Management Review, February 2013:22-27 Barton, J. (1991). Defining Entrepreneurship. Retrieved on 20 February 2015 from file:///C:/Users/raama.gabionza/Downloads/artikkeli_2.pdf Di-Masi, P. (n.d). Defining Entrepreneurship. Retrieved on 22 February 2015 from http://www.gdrc.org/icm/micro/define-micro.html Nickols, F. (2010). Four Change Management Strategies. Retrieved on 26 February 2015 from http://www.nickols.us/four_strategies.pdf Rouse, M. (n.d). Change Management. Retrieved on 25 February 2015 from http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/change-management Rubin, D. (2013). What is Entrepreneurship? Retrieved on 22 February 2015 from http://pinchot.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship/

Organizational Behavior Synthesis paper Essay

The study of people at work is generally referred to as the study of organizational behavior. This chapter will start by defining the term organizational behavior and briefly reviewing its origins. Organizational behavior is the systematic study of the actions and attitudes that people exhibit within organizations. Each person regularly uses intuition or our â€Å"gut feelings† in trying to explain phenomena. For example, a friend catches a cold and we’re quick to remind him that he â€Å"didn’t take his vitamins†. The field of organizational behavior seeks to replace intuitive explanations such as this example with systematic study. The objective, of course, is to draw more accurate conclusions (Wilson 1994). What does organizational behavior study? Actions (or behaviors) and attitudes. The behaviors that get the bulk of attention in organizational behavior are three, which have proven to be very important determinants of employee performance. They are productivity, absenteeism, and turnover (Wilson 1994). The importance of productivity is obvious. Managers are clearly concerned with the quantity and quality of the work their employees are performing. But absence and turnover are particularly cause for concern because of the adverse affect it may have on an employee ’s productivity. In terms of absence, it’s hard for an employee to be productive if he or she isn’t at work. High rates of employee turnover increase costs and tend to place less experienced people into jobs (Daniels 1994). Organizational behavior is also concerned with employee job satisfaction, which is an attitude. There are three reasons why managers should be concerned with their employees’ job satisfaction. First, there is a link between satisfaction and productivity. Second, satisfaction appears to be negatively related to absenteeism and turnover. Third managers have a humanistic responsibility to provide their employees with jobs that are challenging and rewarding (Daniels 1994). The second part of organizational behavior’s definition that needs to be explained is â€Å"organization†. For our purposes organizational behavior is specifically concerned with work-related  behavior-and that takes place in organizations. An organization is a formal structure o f planned coordination, involving two or more people, in order to  achieve a common goal (Daniels 1994). Organizational behavior is about studying and understanding people and human nature. Do employee ever make efforts on behalf of their employing organization’s interests or fellow employees’ interest when it is not in their direct self-interest to do so? This question exists in any organization must be address. The problem addressed here is a conflict of self-interest. The question here should be very interesting to people in organization. People should try to understand and address counterintuitive behavior in certain situation (Young 1998). For instance, why does moral hazard exists in organization? Organizational behavior success or failure depends on its goal setting, such as group cohesiveness and productivity. In a case study of 2 groups several researchers have suggested that goal acceptance moderates the relationship between group cohesiveness and group productivity. In Study 1, goal acceptance was found to moderate the relationship between group cohesiveness and the quantity of performance of 40 machine crews in a paper mill located in the north eastern United States. In Study 2, the extent to which leaders fostered the acceptance of group goals was found to moderate the relationships between group cohesiveness and quantitative measures of group productivity in 71 insurance agency units located throughout the United States. The companies’ success or failure in this study will be explained in organizational behavior (Jacob 1985) Goals of Organizational Behavior The field of most organizational behavior has an amount of common goals. In order to reach these goals, people need to effectively predict, explain, and manage the behavior that occurs in our organizations. In order to change behavior, one needs to accept that any behavior is rational and logical to the person exhibiting it because his or her goals may differ from others. If an organization is able to predict which reward systems is most effective in motivating the employees, then one can explain the reasons for this effectiveness and describe how managers can enforce effective reward systems. Our everyday lives are about predictions. Predicting the behavior in an organization is usually wondering â€Å"when people will make ethical decisions, create innovative products, or engage in sexual harassment† (Johns 1996).  The behavior in our organizations licenses us the prediction of its future circumstance. Predictions are not always accurate, however. The field of organizational behavior offers a â€Å"Scientific foundation† (Johns 1996). That helps upgrade predictions of these events. But, being able to predict these organization behaviors do not guarantee a hundred percent that he can explain the reason why this particular behavior had developed. A manger needs to be able to get things accomplished, reach all goals, take control, and knows everything that is going on in their company I know that there varieties of management styles to be effective, depending on the situation. There are some cases when a manager acts without investigation, just looking for that quick solution to solve a problem usually results in an unhappy ending. If an organizational behavior â€Å"Can be predicted and explained, it can often be controlled or managed† (Johns 1996). A great manager would be able to predict a certain behavior and have an act on it before it’s too late. Remember, our lives would be more easier if we anticipate when our friends are anger, what our professors expect out of us, and whose lying and telling the truth, â€Å"Regardless of who we are our actions are in response to a variety of motivations† (Wilson 1994). When one understands, one will understand human behavior. Use the predicting. Explaining, and managing principles, and any manger will have the ability to reach your goals through the efforts of others. The four goals of organizational behavior are: 1. To describe systematically how people behave under variety of conditions 2. To understand why people behave as they do 3. To predict future employee behavior 4. to control & develop human activity at work Theory X and Theory Y Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation created and developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960s that have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior,organizational communication and organizational development. They describe two contrasting models of workforce motivation. Theory X and Theory Y have to do with the perceptions managers hold on their employees, not the way they generally behave. It is attitude not attributes. There are two kinds of reinforcement, positive and negative. â€Å"Positive reinforcement causes a behavior to increase because a desired, meaningful consequences follows the behavior. Negative reinforcement causes a behavior to increase in order to escape or avoid some unpleasant consequence† (Daniels 1994). Models of Organizational Behavior There are four major models or frameworks that organizations operate out of, Autocratic, Custodial, Supportive, and Collegial (Cunningham, Eberle, 1990; Davis ,1967): o Autocratic — The basis of this model is power with a managerial orientation of authority. The employees in turn are oriented towards obedience and dependence on the boss. The employee need that is met is subsistence. The performance result is minimal. Custodial — The basis of this model is economic resources with a managerial orientation of money. The employees in turn are oriented towards security and benefits and dependence on the organization. The employee need that is met is security. The performance result is passive cooperation. Supportive — The basis of this model is leadership with a managerial orientation of support. The employees in turn are oriented towards job performance and participation. The employee need that is met is status and recognition. The performance result is awakened drives. Collegial — The basis of this model is partnership with a managerial orientation of teamwork. The employees in turn are oriented towards responsible behavior and self-discipline. The employee need that is met is self-actualization. The performance result is moderate enthusiasm. Although there are four separate models, almost no organization operates exclusively in one. There will usually be a predominate one, with one or more areas over-lapping in the other models. The first model, autocratic, has its roots in the industrial revolution. The managers of this type of organization operate mostly out of McGregor’s Theory X. The next three models begin to build on McGregor’s Theory Y. They have each evolved over a period of time and there is no one best model. In addition, the collegial model should not be thought as the last or best model, but the beginning of a new model or paradigm. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_X_and_Theory_Y http://www.csupomona.edu/~msharifzadeh/chapter1.html http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadob.html http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Oli-Per/Organizational-Behavior.html